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---
2021-02-14 15:47:14 +09:00
title: Installing Arch Linux
2021-02-25 22:36:19 +09:00
date: 2021-02-12T00:00:00
2021-01-21 21:45:05 +09:00
---
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This note includes all commands I typed when I set up Arch Linux on my new bare metal server.
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# Why I choose Arch Linux
- Simple as it should be
- Outstanding community efforts to maintaining package registry
- Well organized wiki resources
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# Setup
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## wipe whole disk
```bash
wipefs -a /dev/sda
```
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## create partition
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```bash
parted
select /dev/sda
mktable gpt
mkpart EFI fat32 0 512MB # EFI
mkpart Arch ext4 512MB 100% # Arch
set 1 esp on # flag part1 as ESP
quit
```
## install file-system
```bash
mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1 # EFI
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 # Arch
```
## mount disk
```bash
mkdir -p /mnt/boot
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
```
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## install base & Linux kernel
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```bash
reflector -f 10 --latest 30 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # optimize mirror list
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# choose between 'linux' or 'linux-lts'
pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware
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# base-devel need to be included as well?
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
```
```bash
pacman -Syu # upgrade
pacman -Qe # list explicitly installed pkgs
pacman -Rs # remove pkg and its deps
pacman -Qtd # list orphans
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pacman -S man-db man-pages git informant
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```
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## add fstab entries
```ini /etc/fstab
# backup
UUID=< UUID > /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 2
# archive (do not prevent boot even if fsck fails)
UUID=< UUID > /mnt/archive ext4 defaults,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=4 0 2
```
Find `<UUID>` from the output of `lsblk -f` .
```bash
findmnt --verify --verbose # verify fstab
```
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## bootloader
```bash
pacman -S \
grub \
efibootmgr \
amd-ucode # AMD microcode
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB
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vim /etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
# GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y
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grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
```
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- [GRUB/Tips and tricks - ArchWiki ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB/Tips_and_tricks )
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## NTP
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```bash
sed -i -e 's/#NTP =/NTP=0.arch.pool.ntp.org 1.arch.pool.ntp.org 2.arch.pool.ntp.org 3.arch.pool.ntp.org/' -e 's/#Fall/Fall/ ' /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
systemctl enable --now systemd-timesyncd
```
## locale
```bash
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Tokyo /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc
vim /etc/locale.gen & locale-gen
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf
```
## network
```bash
hostnamectl set-hostname polka
hostnamectl set-chassis server
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```
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```ini /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
::1 localhost
127.0.0.1 polka
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```
See https://systemd.network/systemd.network.html.
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/wired.network
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[Match]
Name=enp5s0
[Network]
#DHCP=yes
Address=10.0.1.2/24
Gateway=10.0.1.1
DNS=10.0.1.100 # self-hosted DNS resolver
DNS=1.1.1.1 # Cloudflare for the fallback DNS server
MACVLAN=dns-shim # to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100 which is managed by Docker macvlan driver
```
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.netdev
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# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[NetDev]
Name=dns-shim
Kind=macvlan
[MACVLAN]
Mode=bridge
```
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.network
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# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[Match]
Name=dns-shim
[Network]
IPForward=yes
[Address]
Address=10.0.1.103/32
Scope=link
[Route]
Destination=10.0.1.100/30
```
`ip` equivalent to the above settings:
```bash
ip link add dns-shim link enp5s0 type macvlan mode bridge # add macvlan shim
ip a add 10.0.1.103/32 dev dns-shim # assign host ip to shim defined in docker-compose.yml
ip link set dns-shim up # enable interface
ip route add 10.0.1.100/30 dev dns-shim # route macvlan subnet to shim interface
```
```bash
systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
networkctl status
# for self-hosted dns resolver
sed -r -i -e 's/#?DNSStubListener=yes/DNSStubListener=no/g' -e 's/#DNS =/DNS=10.0.1.100/g' /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved
resolvectl status
resolvectl query ddg.gg
drill @10 .0.1.100 ddg.gg
# FIXME
pacman -S wpa_supplicant
vim /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
# ctrl_interface=/run/wpa_supplicant
# update_config=1
wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp8s0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
wpa_cli # default control socket -> /var/run/wpa_supplicant
modinfo iwlwifi
```
If `networkctl` keep showing `enp5s0` as `degraded` , then run `ip addr add 10.0.1.2/24 dev enp5s0 ` to manually assign static IP address for the workaround.
## firewall
```bash
pacman -S firewalld
# TODO
```
See also [Introduction to Netfilter – To Linux and beyond ! ](https://home.regit.org/netfilter-en/netfilter/ )
## shell
```bash
pacman -S zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh
```
## user
```bash
passwd # change root passwd
useradd -m -s /bin/zsh uetchy # add local user
passwd uetchy # change local user password
userdbctl # verify users
pacman -S sudo
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echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow users in sudo group to run pacman without password (optional)
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usermod -aG sudo uetchy # add local user to sudo group
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visudo -c
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```
## ssh
```bash
pacman -S openssh
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl enable --now sshd
```
on the host machine:
```bash
ssh-copy-id uetchy@10 .0.1.2
```
## AUR
```bash
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
cd yay
makepkg -si
```
## finalize
```bash
exit # leave chroot
umount -R /mnt
reboot
```
# Additional setup
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## nvidia
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```bash
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pacman -S nvidia # 'nvidia-lts' for linux-lts
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cat /var/lib/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf # ensure having 'blacklist nouveau'
nvidia-smi # test runtime
```
## docker
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https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/arch-overview.html
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```bash
pacman -S docker docker-compose
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yay -S nvidia-container-runtime
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```
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```json /etc/docker/daemon.json
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{
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"log-driver": "json-file",
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"log-opts": {
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"max-size": "10m", // default: -1 (unlimited)
"max-file": "3" // default: 1
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},
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], // for kubernetes
"runtimes": {
// for docker-compose
"nvidia": {
"path": "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime",
"runtimeArgs": []
}
}
}
```
```bash
systemctl enable --now docker
groupadd docker
usermod -aG docker user
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GPU_OPTS=(--gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools)
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} tensorflow/tensorflow:1.14.0-gpu-py3 bash
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```
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### Use `journald` log driver in Docker Compose
```yaml
services:
web:
logging:
driver: "journald"
options:
tag: "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" # default: "{{.ID}}"
```
- [Configure logging drivers | Docker Documentation ](https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/ )
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## Telegraf
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```bash
yay -S telegraf
vim /etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf
```
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```ini /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
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Cmnd_Alias FAIL2BAN = /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status, /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status *
telegraf ALL=(root) NOEXEC: NOPASSWD: FAIL2BAN
Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session
```
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```bash
chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
```
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## fail2ban
```
pacman -S fail2ban
systemctl enable --now fail2ban
```
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```ini /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
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[DEFAULT]
bantime = 60m
ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 10.0.1.0/24
[sshd]
enabled = true
port = 22,10122
[mailu]
enabled = true
backend = systemd
journalmatch = CONTAINER_NAME=mailu_front_1
port = smtp,submission
chain = DOCKER-USER
filter = mailu
findtime = 600
maxretry = 1
bantime = 1d
```
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```ini /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/mailu.conf
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[INCLUDES]
before = common.conf
[Definition]
failregex = ^%(__prefix_line)s\d+\/\d+\/\d+ \d+:\d+:\d+ \[info\] \d+#\d+: \*\d+ client login failed: "Authentication credentials invalid" while in http auth state, client: < HOST > , server: \S+, login: "< F-USER > \S+</ F-USER > "$
ignoreregex =
```
```
fail2ban-client reload
fail2ban-client status mailu
```
## sendmail
```bash
yay -S sendmail
```
## cfddns
Dynamic DNS for Cloudflare.
```
yay -S cfddns
```
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```yml /etc/cfddns/cfddns.yml
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token: < token >
```
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```ini /etc/cfddns/domains
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uechi.io
datastore.uechi.io
```
```
systemctl enable --now cfddns
```
## smart
```bash
pacman -S smartmontools
systemctl enable --now smartd
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smartctl -t short /dev/sdc
smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdc
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```
## backup
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```bash
pacman -S borg
```
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```ini /etc/backups/borg.service
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[Unit]
Description=Borg Daily Backup Service
[Service]
Type=simple
Nice=19
IOSchedulingClass=2
IOSchedulingPriority=7
ExecStart=/etc/backups/run.sh
```
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```ini /etc/backups/borg.timer
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[Unit]
Description=Borg Daily Backup Timer
[Timer]
WakeSystem=false
OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00
RandomizedDelaySec=10min
[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target
```
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```bash /etc/backups/run.sh
#!/bin/bash -ue
# The udev rule is not terribly accurate and may trigger our service before
# the kernel has finished probing partitions. Sleep for a bit to ensure
# the kernel is done.
#
# This can be avoided by using a more precise udev rule, e.g. matching
# a specific hardware path and partition.
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sleep 5
#
# Script configuration
#
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export BORG_PASSPHRASE="< secret > "
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MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/backup
TARGET=$MOUNTPOINT/borg
# Archive name schema
DATE=$(date --iso-8601)
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#
# Create backups
#
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# Options for borg create
BORG_OPTS="--stats --compression lz4 --checkpoint-interval 86400"
# No one can answer if Borg asks these questions, it is better to just fail quickly
# instead of hanging.
export BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
export BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
# Log Borg version
borg --version
echo "Starting backup for $DATE"
echo "# system"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
--exclude /var/cache \
--exclude /var/lib/docker/devicemapper \
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--exclude /root/.cache \
--exclude /root/.pyenv \
--exclude /root/.vscode-server \
--exclude /root/.local/share/TabNine \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cache' \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cargo' \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.pyenv' \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.vscode-server' \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.local/share/TabNine' \
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--one-file-system \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-system-{now}' \
/ /boot
echo "# data"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/preview' \
--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/dav-photocache' \
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$TARGET::'{hostname}-data-{now}' \
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/mnt/data
echo "# archive"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-archive-{now}' \
/mnt/archive
echo "# ftl"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-ftl-{now}' \
/mnt/ftl
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echo "Start pruning"
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BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL="--list --stats --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 3 --keep-monthly 2"
BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS="--list --stats --keep-daily 3 --keep-weekly 1 --keep-monthly 1"
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-system-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-archive-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-data-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-ftl-' $TARGET
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echo "Completed backup for $DATE"
# Just to be completely paranoid
sync
```
```bash
ln -sf /etc/backups/borg.* /etc/systemd/system/
systemctl enable --now borg
```
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## Kubernetes
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```bash
pacman -S kubeadm kubelet kubectl
systemctl enable --now kubelet
kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr='10.244.0.0/16'
cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ~/.kube/config
kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master- # to allow allocating pods to the master node
# setup flannel network manager
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
# setup nginx ingress controller
# TODO
kubectl cluster-info
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods -A
kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml
```
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- [Kubernetes - ArchWiki ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kubernetes )
- [Kubernetes Ingress Controller with NGINX Reverse Proxy and Wildcard SSL from Let's Encrypt - Shogan.tech ](https://www.shogan.co.uk/kubernetes/kubernetes-ingress-controller-with-nginx-reverse-proxy-and-wildcard-ssl-from-lets-encrypt/ )
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## certs
```bash
pacman -S certbot certbot-dns-cloudflare
echo "dns_cloudflare_api_token = < token > " > ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
chmod 600 ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
certbot certonly \
--email y@uechi .io \
--agree-tos \
--dns-cloudflare \
--dns-cloudflare-credentials ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini \
-d "*.uechi.io"
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/uechi.io/fullchain.pem -text
certbot certificates
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```
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```ini /etc/systemd/system/certbot.service
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[Unit]
Description=Let's Encrypt renewal
[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet --agree-tos --deploy-hook "docker exec nginx-proxy-le /app/signal_le_service"
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```
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```ini /etc/systemd/system/certbot.timer
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[Unit]
Description=Twice daily renewal of Let's Encrypt's certificates
[Timer]
OnCalendar=0/12:00:00
RandomizedDelaySec=1h
Persistent=true
[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target
```
- [Certbot - ArchWiki ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Certbot )
- [Welcome to certbot-dns-cloudflare’s documentation! — certbot-dns-cloudflare 0 documentation ](https://certbot-dns-cloudflare.readthedocs.io/en/stable/ )
- [docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion/Standalone-certificates.md at master · nginx-proxy/docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion ](https://github.com/nginx-proxy/docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion/blob/master/docs/Standalone-certificates.md )
## audio
```bash
pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires reboot
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usermod -aG audio uetchy
# list devices as root
aplay -l
arecord -L
cat /proc/asound/cards
# test speaker
speaker-test -c2
# test mic
arecord -vv -Dhw:2,0 -fS32_LE mic.wav
aplay mic.wav
# gui mixer
alsamixer
# for Mycroft.ai
pacman -S pulseaudio pulsemixer
pulseaudio --start
pacmd list-cards
```
```conf /etc/pulse/default.pa
# INPUT/RECORD
load-module module-alsa-source device="default" tsched=1
# OUTPUT/PLAYBACK
load-module module-alsa-sink device="default" tsched=1
# Accept clients -- very important
load-module module-native-protocol-unix
load-module module-native-protocol-tcp
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```
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```conf /etc/asound.conf
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pcm.mic {
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type hw
card M96k
rate 44100
format S32_LE
}
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pcm.speaker {
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type plug
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slave {
pcm "hw:1,0"
}
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}
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pcm.!default {
type asym
capture.pcm "mic"
playback.pcm "speaker"
}
#defaults.pcm.card 1
#defaults.ctl.card 1
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```
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- [PulseAudio as a minimal unintrusive dumb pipe to ALSA ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/PulseAudio/Examples#PulseAudio_as_a_minimal_unintrusive_dumb_pipe_to_ALSA )
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- [SoundcardTesting - AlsaProject ](https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/SoundcardTesting )
- [Advanced Linux Sound Architecture/Troubleshooting - ArchWiki ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/Troubleshooting#Microphone )
- [ALSA project - the C library reference: PCM (digital audio) plugins ](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html )
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- [Asoundrc - AlsaProject ](https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/Asoundrc )
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# Maintenance
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## system healthcheck
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```bash
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systemctl --failed # show failed units
free -h # show memory usage
lsblk -f # show disk usage
networkctl status # show network status
userdbctl # show users
nvidia-smi # verify nvidia cards
htop # show task overview
neofetch # show system info
```
## analyzing logs
```bash
journalctl -p err -b-1 -r # show error logs from previous boot in reverse order
journalctl CONTAINER_NAME=service_web_1 # show error from docker container named 'service_web_1'
journalctl -u docker -f # tail docker logs
2021-01-21 21:45:05 +09:00
```
2021-06-06 21:56:40 +09:00
# Common Issues
## Longer SSH login (D-bus glitch)
```bash
systemctl restart systemd-logind
systemctl restart polkit
```
- [A comprehensive guide to fixing slow SSH logins – JRS Systems: the blog ](https://jrs-s.net/2017/07/01/slow-ssh-logins/ )
## Annoying `systemd-homed is not available` log messages
Move `pam_unix` before `pam_systemd_home` .
```ini /etc/pam.d/system-auth
#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_faillock.so preauth
# Optionally use requisite above if you do not want to prompt for the password
# on locked accounts.
auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok
-auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_systemd_home.so
auth [default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail
auth optional pam_permit.so
auth required pam_env.so
auth required pam_faillock.so authsucc
# If you drop the above call to pam_faillock.so the lock will be done also
# on non-consecutive authentication failures.
account [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so
-account required pam_systemd_home.so
account optional pam_permit.so
account required pam_time.so
password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok shadow
-password required pam_systemd_home.so
password optional pam_permit.so
session required pam_limits.so
session required pam_unix.so
session optional pam_permit.so
```
- [[solved] pam fails to find unit dbus-org.freedesktop.home1.service / Newbie Corner / Arch Linux Forums](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=258297)
## Annoying systemd-journald-audit log
```ini /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Audit=no
```
## Missing `/dev/nvidia-{uvm*,modeset}`
This occurs after updating linux kernel. Simply reinstall `nvidia-container-toolkit` .
# Useful links
- [General recommendations ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations#Users_and_groups )
- [System maintenance ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/System_maintenance )
- [Improving performance ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance#Know_your_system )
- [Benchmarking - ArchWiki ](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Benchmarking )