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2
source/_posts/2017/x11forward.md
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@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ date: 2017-06-16 00:00:00 +09:00
redirect_from: "/blog/2017/06/16/x11forward" redirect_from: "/blog/2017/06/16/x11forward"
--- ---
![x11-plot.png](/uploads/x11-plot.png) ![](/uploads/x11-plot.png)
# Installation # Installation

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source/_posts/2021/installing-arch-linux.md
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@ -11,14 +11,7 @@ This note includes all commands I typed when I set up Arch Linux on my new bare
- Outstanding community efforts to maintaining package registry - Outstanding community efforts to maintaining package registry
- Well organized wiki resources - Well organized wiki resources
# Useful links # Setup
- [General recommendations](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations#Users_and_groups)
- [System maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/System_maintenance)
- [Improving performance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance#Know_your_system)
- [Benchmarking - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Benchmarking)
# Provisioning
## wipe whole disk ## wipe whole disk
@ -59,7 +52,8 @@ mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
```bash ```bash
reflector -f 10 --latest 30 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # optimize mirror list reflector -f 10 --latest 30 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # optimize mirror list
pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware vim man-db man-pages git informant # choose between 'linux' or 'linux-lts'
pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware
# base-devel need to be included as well? # base-devel need to be included as well?
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt arch-chroot /mnt
@ -70,6 +64,8 @@ pacman -Syu # upgrade
pacman -Qe # list explicitly installed pkgs pacman -Qe # list explicitly installed pkgs
pacman -Rs # remove pkg and its deps pacman -Rs # remove pkg and its deps
pacman -Qtd # list orphans pacman -Qtd # list orphans
pacman -S man-db man-pages git informant
``` ```
## bootloader ## bootloader
@ -80,9 +76,15 @@ pacman -S \
efibootmgr \ efibootmgr \
amd-ucode # AMD microcode amd-ucode # AMD microcode
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB
vim /etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
# GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
``` ```
- [GRUB/Tips and tricks - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB/Tips_and_tricks)
## NTP ## NTP
```bash ```bash
@ -214,8 +216,9 @@ passwd uetchy # change local user password
userdbctl # verify users userdbctl # verify users
pacman -S sudo pacman -S sudo
echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow pacman without password echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow users in sudo group to run pacman without password (optional)
usermod -aG sudo uetchy # add local user to sudo group usermod -aG sudo uetchy # add local user to sudo group
visudo -c
``` ```
## ssh ## ssh
@ -250,14 +253,12 @@ reboot
# Additional setup # Additional setup
## GPGPU ## nvidia
```bash ```bash
pacman -S nvidia pacman -S nvidia # 'nvidia-lts' for linux-lts
cat /var/lib/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf # ensure having 'blacklist nouveau' cat /var/lib/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf # ensure having 'blacklist nouveau'
yay -S cuda-10.2 cudnn7-cuda10.2 # match the version number
nvidia-smi # test runtime nvidia-smi # test runtime
``` ```
@ -272,9 +273,10 @@ yay -S nvidia-container-runtime
```json /etc/docker/daemon.json ```json /etc/docker/daemon.json
{ {
"log-driver": "journald", "log-driver": "json-file",
"log-opts": { "log-opts": {
"tag": "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" "max-size": "10m", // default: -1 (unlimited)
"max-file": "3" // default: 1
}, },
"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], // for kubernetes "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], // for kubernetes
"runtimes": { "runtimes": {
@ -293,9 +295,24 @@ systemctl enable --now docker
groupadd docker groupadd docker
usermod -aG docker user usermod -aG docker user
docker run --rm -it --gpus all nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime GPU_OPTS=(--gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools)
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} tensorflow/tensorflow:1.14.0-gpu-py3 bash
``` ```
### Use `journald` log driver in Docker Compose
```yaml
services:
web:
logging:
driver: "journald"
options:
tag: "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" # default: "{{.ID}}"
```
- [Configure logging drivers | Docker Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/)
## Telegraf ## Telegraf
```bash ```bash
@ -309,6 +326,10 @@ telegraf ALL=(root) NOEXEC: NOPASSWD: FAIL2BAN
Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session
``` ```
```bash
chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
```
## fail2ban ## fail2ban
``` ```
@ -390,6 +411,10 @@ smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdc
## backup ## backup
```bash
pacman -S borg
```
```ini /etc/backups/borg.service ```ini /etc/backups/borg.service
[Unit] [Unit]
Description=Borg Daily Backup Service Description=Borg Daily Backup Service
@ -455,9 +480,12 @@ echo "Starting backup for $DATE"
echo "# system" echo "# system"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \ borg create $BORG_OPTS \
--exclude /root/.cache \
--exclude /var/cache \ --exclude /var/cache \
--exclude /var/lib/docker/devicemapper \ --exclude /var/lib/docker/devicemapper \
--exclude /root/.cache \
--exclude /root/.pyenv \
--exclude /root/.vscode-server \
--exclude /root/.local/share/TabNine \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cache' \ --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cache' \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cargo' \ --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cargo' \
--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.pyenv' \ --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.pyenv' \
@ -472,12 +500,25 @@ borg create $BORG_OPTS \
--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/preview' \ --exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/preview' \
--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/dav-photocache' \ --exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/dav-photocache' \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-data-{now}' \ $TARGET::'{hostname}-data-{now}' \
/mnt/data /mnt/ftl /mnt/data
echo "# archive"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-archive-{now}' \
/mnt/archive
echo "# ftl"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
$TARGET::'{hostname}-ftl-{now}' \
/mnt/ftl
echo "Start pruning" echo "Start pruning"
BORG_PRUNE_OPTS="--list --stats --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 3 --keep-monthly 3" BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL="--list --stats --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 3 --keep-monthly 2"
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS --prefix '{hostname}-system-' $TARGET BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS="--list --stats --keep-daily 3 --keep-weekly 1 --keep-monthly 1"
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS --prefix '{hostname}-data-' $TARGET borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-system-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-archive-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-data-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-ftl-' $TARGET
echo "Completed backup for $DATE" echo "Completed backup for $DATE"
@ -512,9 +553,8 @@ kubectl get pods -A
kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml
``` ```
[Kubernetes - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kubernetes) - [Kubernetes - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kubernetes)
- [Kubernetes Ingress Controller with NGINX Reverse Proxy and Wildcard SSL from Let's Encrypt - Shogan.tech](https://www.shogan.co.uk/kubernetes/kubernetes-ingress-controller-with-nginx-reverse-proxy-and-wildcard-ssl-from-lets-encrypt/)
[Kubernetes Ingress Controller with NGINX Reverse Proxy and Wildcard SSL from Let's Encrypt - Shogan.tech](https://www.shogan.co.uk/kubernetes/kubernetes-ingress-controller-with-nginx-reverse-proxy-and-wildcard-ssl-from-lets-encrypt/)
## certs ## certs
@ -562,42 +602,152 @@ WantedBy=timers.target
```bash ```bash
pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires reboot pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires reboot
arecord -L # list devices usermod -aG audio uetchy
# list devices as root
aplay -l
arecord -L
cat /proc/asound/cards
# test speaker
speaker-test -c2
# test mic
arecord -vv -Dhw:2,0 -fS32_LE mic.wav
aplay mic.wav
# gui mixer
alsamixer
# for Mycroft.ai
pacman -S pulseaudio pulsemixer
pulseaudio --start
pacmd list-cards
```
```conf /etc/pulse/default.pa
# INPUT/RECORD
load-module module-alsa-source device="default" tsched=1
# OUTPUT/PLAYBACK
load-module module-alsa-sink device="default" tsched=1
# Accept clients -- very important
load-module module-native-protocol-unix
load-module module-native-protocol-tcp
``` ```
```conf /etc/asound.conf ```conf /etc/asound.conf
pcm.m96k { pcm.mic {
type hw type hw
card M96k card M96k
rate 44100 rate 44100
format S32_LE format S32_LE
} }
pcm.!default { pcm.speaker {
type plug type plug
slave.pcm "m96k" slave {
pcm "hw:1,0"
} }
}
pcm.!default {
type asym
capture.pcm "mic"
playback.pcm "speaker"
}
#defaults.pcm.card 1
#defaults.ctl.card 1
``` ```
``` - [PulseAudio as a minimal unintrusive dumb pipe to ALSA](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/PulseAudio/Examples#PulseAudio_as_a_minimal_unintrusive_dumb_pipe_to_ALSA)
arecord -vv /dev/null # test mic
alsamixer # gui mixer
```
- [SoundcardTesting - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/SoundcardTesting) - [SoundcardTesting - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/SoundcardTesting)
- [Advanced Linux Sound Architecture/Troubleshooting - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/Troubleshooting#Microphone) - [Advanced Linux Sound Architecture/Troubleshooting - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/Troubleshooting#Microphone)
- [ALSA project - the C library reference: PCM (digital audio) plugins](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html) - [ALSA project - the C library reference: PCM (digital audio) plugins](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html)
- [Asoundrc - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/Asoundrc)
# Maintenance # Maintenance
## system healthcheck
```bash ```bash
systemctl --failed systemctl --failed # show failed units
free -h free -h # show memory usage
htop lsblk -f # show disk usage
lsblk -f networkctl status # show network status
nvidia-smi userdbctl # show users
iotop nvidia-smi # verify nvidia cards
sensors htop # show task overview
journalctl -p err neofetch # show system info
networkctl status
``` ```
## analyzing logs
```bash
journalctl -p err -b-1 -r # show error logs from previous boot in reverse order
journalctl CONTAINER_NAME=service_web_1 # show error from docker container named 'service_web_1'
journalctl -u docker -f # tail docker logs
```
# Common Issues
## Longer SSH login (D-bus glitch)
```bash
systemctl restart systemd-logind
systemctl restart polkit
```
- [A comprehensive guide to fixing slow SSH logins – JRS Systems: the blog](https://jrs-s.net/2017/07/01/slow-ssh-logins/)
## Annoying `systemd-homed is not available` log messages
Move `pam_unix` before `pam_systemd_home`.
```ini /etc/pam.d/system-auth
#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_faillock.so preauth
# Optionally use requisite above if you do not want to prompt for the password
# on locked accounts.
auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok
-auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_systemd_home.so
auth [default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail
auth optional pam_permit.so
auth required pam_env.so
auth required pam_faillock.so authsucc
# If you drop the above call to pam_faillock.so the lock will be done also
# on non-consecutive authentication failures.
account [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so
-account required pam_systemd_home.so
account optional pam_permit.so
account required pam_time.so
password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok shadow
-password required pam_systemd_home.so
password optional pam_permit.so
session required pam_limits.so
session required pam_unix.so
session optional pam_permit.so
```
- [[solved] pam fails to find unit dbus-org.freedesktop.home1.service / Newbie Corner / Arch Linux Forums](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=258297)
## Annoying systemd-journald-audit log
```ini /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Audit=no
```
## Missing `/dev/nvidia-{uvm*,modeset}`
This occurs after updating linux kernel. Simply reinstall `nvidia-container-toolkit`.
# Useful links
- [General recommendations](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations#Users_and_groups)
- [System maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/System_maintenance)
- [Improving performance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance#Know_your_system)
- [Benchmarking - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Benchmarking)

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@ -40,17 +40,18 @@ Arch Linux のセットアップは[個別に記事](https://uechi.io/blog/insta
# パーツ選定時のポイント # パーツ選定時のポイント
- パーツ購入前に [Linux Hardware Database](https://linux-hardware.org/) を見て、インストールする予定の Linux ディストリと相性が良いかチェックする - [PCPartPicker](https://jp.pcpartpicker.com/)でパーツのコスト計算をする
- [Bottleneck Calculator](https://pc-builds.com/calculator/)で CPU と GPU の組み合わせを選び、そのうちどちらが性能のボトルネックになるか調べる - [Bottleneck Calculator](https://pc-builds.com/calculator/)で CPU と GPU の組み合わせを選び、そのうちどちらが性能のボトルネックになるか調べる
- [UserBenchmark](https://www.userbenchmark.com/)でユーザーが投稿したベンチマーク結果を眺める - [UserBenchmark](https://www.userbenchmark.com/)でユーザーが投稿したベンチマーク結果を眺める
- パーツ購入前に [Linux Hardware Database](https://linux-hardware.org/) を見て、インストールする予定の Linux ディストリと相性が良いかチェックする
- CPU クーラーは大口径の方が静か - CPU クーラーは大口径の方が静か
- メモリはデュアルチャンネルによる高速化を目指し 2 枚構成にする - メモリはデュアルチャンネルによる高速化を目指し 2 枚構成にする
- PSU は Seasonic が評判良い - PSU は Seasonic が評判良い
- 東芝 D01 が HGST の系譜 - 東芝 D01 が HGST の系譜
- [B550](https://www.amd.com/en/chipsets/b550) は長期運用に向いている - [B550](https://www.amd.com/en/chipsets/b550) は長期運用に向いている（らしい）
- B520 は廉価版 - B520 は廉価版
- TSUKUMO eX. の自作 PC コーナーのスタッフはガチ勢なので信頼できる - TSUKUMO eX. の自作 PC コーナーのスタッフはガチ勢なので信頼できる
- 不明な部分があれば根掘り葉掘り聞きましょう - 不明な部分があれば根掘り葉掘り聞く
# 組立ての勘所 # 組立ての勘所
@ -58,10 +59,10 @@ Arch Linux のセットアップは[個別に記事](https://uechi.io/blog/insta
- [MemTest86](https://www.memtest86.com/)でメモリの動作テスト - [MemTest86](https://www.memtest86.com/)でメモリの動作テスト
- USB ブートで OS の起動確認 - USB ブートで OS の起動確認
- Ethernet が死んでいる場合は USB-Ethernet アダプターでまずネットを確保する - Ethernet が死んでいる場合は USB-Ethernet アダプターでまずネットを確保する
- マザボまたはアダプターメーカーからアップデートを探す - ほとんどの場合 Linux カーネルのバージョンを上げると（デバイスドライバーも新しくなり）直る
- ほとんどの場合 Linux カーネルのバージョンを上げると直る - Arch Linux の場合: `linux-lts`が駄目なら`linux`に切り替えて試す
- Ubuntu の場合: [kernel.ubuntu.com](https://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/?C=N;O=D) から探してアップデートする（[https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-linux-kernel-ubuntu/](https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-linux-kernel-ubuntu/)） - Ubuntu の場合: [kernel.ubuntu.com](https://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/?C=N;O=D) から探してアップデートする（[https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-linux-kernel-ubuntu/](https://itsfoss.com/upgrade-linux-kernel-ubuntu/)）
- Arch Linux の場合: 常に最新なので問題無い - 駄目ならマザボまたはアダプターメーカーからアップデートを探す
- 安い筐体のネジは柔いことがあるため、強く押し込みながら少しずつ回す - 安い筐体のネジは柔いことがあるため、強く押し込みながら少しずつ回す
- 山が潰れてきたらゴムシートを挟む - 山が潰れてきたらゴムシートを挟む
- すべて動いたら、[Probe を送信](https://linux-hardware.org/index.php?view=howto)してデータベースに貢献しましょう - すべて動いたら、[Probe を送信](https://linux-hardware.org/index.php?view=howto)してデータベースに貢献