uechi.io/source/_posts/2021/installing-arch-linux.md

---
title: Setting Up Arch Linux
date: 2021-02-12T00:00:00
---

This note includes all commands I typed when I set up Arch Linux on my new server.

> PSA: I published a toolchain for building AUR packages in a clean-room docker container
> <https://github.com/uetchy/archpkgs>

# Setup

## Wipe a whole disk

```bash
wipefs -a /dev/sda
```

## Create partition

```bash
parted
```

```bash
select /dev/sda
mktable gpt
mkpart EFI fat32 0 512MB # EFI
mkpart Arch ext4 512MB 100% # Arch
set 1 esp on # flag partition 1 as ESP
quit
```

## Install file-system

```bash
mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1 # EFI
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 # Arch

e2fsck -cc -C 0 /dev/sda2 # fsck
```

## Mount disks

```bash
mkdir -p /mnt/boot
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
```

## Install Linux kernel

```bash
# choose between 'linux' or 'linux-lts'
pacstrap /mnt base linux-lts linux-firmware
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
```

```bash
pacman -S reflector
reflector --protocol https --latest 30 --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist --verbose # optimize mirror list
```

## Install essentials

```bash
pacman -S vim man-db man-pages git base-devel
```

## Add fstab entries

```ini /etc/fstab
# backup
UUID=<UUID> /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 2

# archive (do not prevent boot even if fsck fails)
UUID=<UUID> /mnt/archive ext4 defaults,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=4 0 2
```

You can find `<UUID>` from `lsblk -f`.

```bash
findmnt --verify --verbose # verify fstab
```

## Locales

```bash
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Tokyo /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc
vim /etc/locale.gen & locale-gen
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf
```

## Install bootloader

```bash
pacman -S \
  grub \
  efibootmgr \
  amd-ucode # AMD microcode
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB

vim /etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
# GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
```

- [GRUB/Tips and tricks - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB/Tips_and_tricks)

## Setup network

```bash
hostnamectl set-hostname takos
hostnamectl set-chassis server
```

```ini /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost
::1       localhost
127.0.0.1 takos
```

See also: [systemd.network](https://systemd.network/systemd.network.html), [ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-networkd), and [Ivan Smirnov's blog](https://blog.ivansmirnov.name/set-up-pihole-using-docker-macvlan-network/).

```ini /etc/systemd/network/wired.network
[Match]
Name=enp5s0

[Network]
#DHCP=yes
Address=10.0.1.2/24
Gateway=10.0.1.1
DNS=10.0.1.100   # self-hosted DNS resolver
DNS=1.1.1.1      # Cloudflare for the fallback DNS server
MACVLAN=dns-shim # to handle local DNS lookup to 10.0.1.100, which is managed by Docker macvlan driver
```

```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.netdev
# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[NetDev]
Name=dns-shim
Kind=macvlan

[MACVLAN]
Mode=bridge
```

```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.network
# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[Match]
Name=dns-shim

[Network]
IPForward=yes

[Address]
Address=10.0.1.103/32
Scope=link

[Route]
Destination=10.0.1.100/30
```

`ip` equivalent to the above config:

```bash
ip link add dns-shim link enp5s0 type macvlan mode bridge # add macvlan shim interface
ip a add 10.0.1.103/32 dev dns-shim # assign the interface an ip address
ip link set dns-shim up # enable the interface
ip route add 10.0.1.100/30 dev dns-shim # route macvlan subnet (.100 - .103) to the interface
```

```bash
systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
networkctl status
ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf

# for self-hosted dns resolver
sed -r -i -e 's/#?DNSStubListener=yes/DNSStubListener=no/g' -e 's/#DNS=/DNS=10.0.1.100/g' /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved
resolvectl status
resolvectl query ddg.gg
drill ddg.gg
```

If `networkctl` keep showing `enp5s0` as `degraded`, then run `ip addr add 10.0.1.2/24 dev enp5s0 ` to manually assign static IP address for the workaround.

## Exit chroot

```bash
exit # leave chroot
umount -R /mnt
reboot
```

## NTP

```bash
timedatectl set-ntp true
timedatectl status
```

## AUR

```bash
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
cd yay
makepkg -si
```

## Shell

```bash
pacman -S zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh

# Install useful utils (totally optional)
yay -S pyenv exa antibody direnv fd ripgrep fzy peco ghq-bin hub neofetch tmux git-delta lazygit jq lostfiles ncdu htop rsync youtube-dl prettier tree age
```

## Setup operator user (i.e., a user without superuser privilege)

```bash
passwd # change root password

useradd -m -s /bin/zsh <user> # add operator user
passwd <user> # change operator user password

userdbctl # verify users
userdbctl group # verify groups

pacman -S sudo
echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow users in sudo group to run pacman without password (optional)
groupadd sudo
usermod -aG sudo <user> # add operator user to sudo group
visudo -c
```

## SSH

```bash
pacman -S openssh
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl enable --now sshd
```

```bash ~/.ssh/rc
if [ ! -S ~/.ssh/ssh_auth_sock ] && [ -S "$SSH_AUTH_SOCK" ]; then
  ln -sf $SSH_AUTH_SOCK ~/.ssh/ssh_auth_sock
fi
```

```bash ~/.tmux.conf
set -g update-environment -r
setenv -g SSH_AUTH_SOCK $HOME/.ssh/ssh_auth_sock
```

```bash /etc/sudoers
Defaults env_keep += SSH_AUTH_SOCK
```

on the host machine:

```bash
ssh-copy-id <user>@<ip>
```

See also: [Happy ssh agent forwarding for tmux/screen · Reboot and Shine](https://werat.dev/blog/happy-ssh-agent-forwarding/)

## S.M.A.R.T.

```bash
pacman -S smartmontools
systemctl enable --now smartd

smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda
```

## NVIDIA drivers

```bash
pacman -S nvidia-lts # 'nvidia' for 'linux'
reboot
nvidia-smi # test runtime
```

## Docker

```bash
pacman -S docker docker-compose
yay -S nvidia-container-runtime
systemctl enable --now docker
```

```json /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "10m", // default: -1 (unlimited)
    "max-file": "3" // default: 1
  },
  "runtimes": {
    // for docker-compose
    "nvidia": {
      "path": "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime",
      "runtimeArgs": []
    }
  }
}
```

```bash
systemctl restart docker

usermod -aG docker <user>

# to create mandatory device files on /dev
docker run --gpus all nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi

GPU_OPTS=(--gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools)
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} tensorflow/tensorflow:1.14.0-gpu-py3 bash
```

### Use `journald` log driver in Docker Compose

```yaml
services:
  web:
    logging:
      driver: "journald"
      options:
        tag: "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" # default: "{{.ID}}"
```

- [Configure logging drivers | Docker Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/)
- [Architecture Overview — NVIDIA Cloud Native Technologies documentation](https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/arch-overview.html)

# Additional setup

## nginx-proxy

```bash
git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/evertramos/nginx-proxy-automation.git /srv/proxy
cd /srv/proxy
./fresh-start.sh --yes -e your_email@domain --skip-docker-image-check
```

## Nextcloud

```bash
git clone https://github.com/uetchy/docker-nextcloud.git /srv/cloud
cd /srv/cloud
cp .env.sample .env
vim .env # fill the blank variables
make # pull, build, start
make applypatches # run only once
```

## Fail2ban

```
pacman -S fail2ban
```

```ini /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/bad-auth.conf
[INCLUDES]
before = common.conf

[Definition]
failregex = .* client login failed: .+ client:\ <HOST>
ignoreregex =
```

```ini /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
[DEFAULT]
ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 10.0.1.0/24

[sshd]
enabled = true
port = 22,10122
bantime = 1h
mode = aggressive

# https://github.com/Mailu/Mailu/blob/master/docs/faq.rst#do-you-support-fail2ban
[mailu]
enabled = true
backend = systemd
journalmatch = CONTAINER_NAME=mail_front_1
filter = bad-auth
findtime = 1h
maxretry = 3
bantime = 1w
chain = DOCKER-USER
banaction = iptables-allports
```

```patch /etc/systemd/system/fail2ban.service
- After=network.target iptables.service firewalld.service ip6tables.service ipset.service nftables.service
+ After=network.target iptables.service firewalld.service ip6tables.service ipset.service nftables.service docker.service
```

```bash
systemctl enable --now fail2ban
fail2ban-client status sshd
```

## Telegraf

```bash
yay -S telegraf
```

```ini /etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf
# Global tags can be specified here in key="value" format.
[global_tags]

# Configuration for telegraf agent
[agent]
  interval = "15s"
  round_interval = true
  metric_batch_size = 1000
  metric_buffer_limit = 10000
  collection_jitter = "0s"
  flush_interval = "10s"
  flush_jitter = "0s"
  precision = ""
  hostname = ""
  omit_hostname = false

# Read InfluxDB-formatted JSON metrics from one or more HTTP endpoints
[[outputs.influxdb]]
  urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8086"]
  database = "<db>"
  username = "<user>"
  password = "<password>"

# Read metrics about cpu usage
[[inputs.cpu]]
  percpu = true
  totalcpu = true
  collect_cpu_time = false
  report_active = false

# Read metrics about disk usage by mount point
[[inputs.disk]]
  ignore_fs = ["tmpfs", "devtmpfs", "devfs", "iso9660", "overlay", "aufs", "squashfs"]

# Read metrics about disk IO by device
[[inputs.diskio]]

# Get kernel statistics from /proc/stat
[[inputs.kernel]]

# Read metrics about memory usage
[[inputs.mem]]

# Get the number of processes and group them by status
[[inputs.processes]]

# Read metrics about system load & uptime
[[inputs.system]]

# Read metrics about network interface usage
[[inputs.net]]
  interfaces = ["enp5s0"]

# Read metrics about docker containers
[[inputs.docker]]
  endpoint = "unix:///var/run/docker.sock"
  perdevice = false
  total = true

[[inputs.fail2ban]]
  interval = "15m"
  use_sudo = true

# Pulls statistics from nvidia GPUs attached to the host
[[inputs.nvidia_smi]]
  timeout = "30s"

[[inputs.http_response]]
  interval = "5m"
  urls = [
    "https://example.com"
  ]

# Monitor sensors, requires lm-sensors package
[[inputs.sensors]]
  interval = "60s"
  remove_numbers = false

# Run executable as long-running input plugin
[[inputs.execd]]
  interval = "15s"
  command = ["/metrics.sh"]
  name_override = "metrics"
  signal = "STDIN"
  restart_delay = "20s"
  data_format = "logfmt"
```

```ini /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
Cmnd_Alias FAIL2BAN = /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status, /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status *
telegraf  ALL=(root) NOEXEC: NOPASSWD: FAIL2BAN
Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session
```

```bash
chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
usermod -aG docker telegraf
telegraf -config /etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf -test
systemctl enable --now telegraf
```

## cfddns

Dynamic DNS for Cloudflare.

> Star [the GitHub repository](https://github.com/uetchy/cfddns) if you like it :)

```
yay -S cfddns sendmail
```

```yml /etc/cfddns/cfddns.yml
token: <token>
notification:
  enabled: true
  from: cfddns@localhost
  to: me@example.com
```

```ini /etc/cfddns/domains
example.com
dev.example.com
example.org
```

```
systemctl enable --now cfddns
```

## Backup

```bash
pacman -S restic
```

```ini /etc/backup/restic.service
[Unit]
Description=Daily Backup Service

[Service]
Type=simple
Nice=19
IOSchedulingClass=2
IOSchedulingPriority=7
ExecStart=/etc/backup/run.sh
```

```ini /etc/backup/restic.timer
[Unit]
Description=Daily Backup Timer

[Timer]
WakeSystem=false
OnCalendar=*-*-* 14:00
RandomizedDelaySec=5min

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target
```

```bash /etc/backup/run.sh
#!/bin/bash -ue
# usage: run.sh
# https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/040_backup.html#

export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=/path/to/backup
export RESTIC_PASSWORD=<passphrase>
export RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS=1

date

# system
restic backup --tag system -v \
  --one-file-system \
  --exclude .cache \
  --exclude .vscode-server \
  --exclude .vscode-server-insiders \
  --exclude TabNine \
  --exclude /var/lib/docker/overlay2 \
  / /boot

# data
restic backup --tag data -v \
  --exclude 'appdata_*/preview' \ # Nextcloud cache
  --exclude 'appdata_*/dav-photocache' \ # Nextcloud cache
  /mnt/data

# prune
restic forget --prune --group-by tags \
  --keep-within-daily 7d \
  --keep-within-weekly 1m \
  --keep-within-monthly 3m

# verify
restic check
```

```bash /etc/backup/show.sh
#!/bin/bash
# usage: show.sh <file|directory>
# https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/050_restore.html

export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=/path/to/backup
export RESTIC_PASSWORD=<passphrase>
export RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS=1

TARGET=${1:-$(pwd)}
MODE="ls -l"
if [[ -f $TARGET ]]; then
  TARGET=$(realpath ${TARGET})
  MODE=dump
fi

TAG=$(restic snapshots --json | jq -r '[.[].tags[0]] | unique| .[]' | fzy)
ID=$(restic snapshots --tag $TAG --json | jq -r ".[] | [.time, .short_id] | @tsv" | fzy | awk '{print $2}')

>&2 echo "Command: restic ${MODE} ${ID} ${TARGET}"

restic $MODE $ID ${TARGET}
```

```bash /etc/backup/restore.sh
#!/bin/bash

# https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/latest/050_restore.html

export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=/path/to/backup
export RESTIC_PASSWORD=<passphrase>
export RESTIC_PROGRESS_FPS=1

TARGET=${1:?Specify TARGET}
TARGET=$(realpath ${TARGET})

TAG=$(restic snapshots --json | jq -r '[.[].tags[0]] | unique | .[]' | fzy)
ID=$(restic snapshots --tag $TAG --json | jq -r ".[] | [.time, .short_id] | @tsv" | fzy | awk '{print $2}')

>&2 echo "Command: restic restore ${ID} -i ${TARGET} -t /"

read -p "Press enter to continue"

restic restore $ID -i ${TARGET} -t /
```

```bash
chmod 700 /etc/backup/{run,show}.sh
ln -sf /etc/backup/restic.{service,timer} /etc/systemd/system/
systemctl enable --now restic
```

- [Restic Documentation — restic 0.12.1 documentation](https://restic.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)

## Kubernetes

```bash
pacman -S minikube kubectl
minikube start --cpus=max
kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master- # to allow the control plane to allocate pods to the master node

minikube ip
kubectl cluster-info
kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml
```

- [Kubernetes - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kubernetes)
- [Kubernetes Ingress Controller with NGINX Reverse Proxy and Wildcard SSL from Let's Encrypt - Shogan.tech](https://www.shogan.co.uk/kubernetes/kubernetes-ingress-controller-with-nginx-reverse-proxy-and-wildcard-ssl-from-lets-encrypt/)

## Audio

```bash
pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires rebooting system
usermod -aG audio <user>

# list devices as root
aplay -l
arecord -L
cat /proc/asound/cards

# test speaker
speaker-test -c2

# test mic
arecord -vv -Dhw:2,0 -fS32_LE mic.wav
aplay mic.wav

# gui mixer
alsamixer

# for Mycroft.ai
pacman -S pulseaudio pulsemixer
pulseaudio --start
pacmd list-cards
```

```conf /etc/pulse/default.pa
# INPUT/RECORD
load-module module-alsa-source device="default" tsched=1
# OUTPUT/PLAYBACK
load-module module-alsa-sink device="default" tsched=1
# Accept clients -- very important
load-module module-native-protocol-unix
load-module module-native-protocol-tcp
```

```conf /etc/asound.conf
pcm.mic {
  type hw
  card M96k
  rate 44100
  format S32_LE
}

pcm.speaker {
  type plug
  slave {
    pcm "hw:1,0"
  }
}

pcm.!default {
  type asym
  capture.pcm "mic"
  playback.pcm "speaker"
}

#defaults.pcm.card 1
#defaults.ctl.card 1
```

- [PulseAudio as a minimal unintrusive dumb pipe to ALSA](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/PulseAudio/Examples#PulseAudio_as_a_minimal_unintrusive_dumb_pipe_to_ALSA)
- [SoundcardTesting - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/SoundcardTesting)
- [Advanced Linux Sound Architecture/Troubleshooting - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/Troubleshooting#Microphone)
- [ALSA project - the C library reference: PCM (digital audio) plugins](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html)
- [Asoundrc - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/Asoundrc)

## Firewall

```bash
pacman -S firewalld
systemctl enable --now firewalld
```

See [Introduction to Netfilter – To Linux and beyond !](https://home.regit.org/netfilter-en/netfilter/).

# Maintenance

## Quick checkups

```bash
htop # show task overview
systemctl --failed # show failed units
free -h # show memory usage
lsblk -f # show disk usage
networkctl status # show network status
userdbctl # show users
nvidia-smi # verify nvidia cards
ps aux | grep "defunct" # find zombie processes
```

## Delve into system logs

```bash
journalctl -p err -b-1 -r # show error logs from previous boot in reverse order
journalctl -u sshd -f # tail logs from sshd unit
journalctl --no-pager -n 25 -k # show latest 25 logs from the kernel without pager
journalctl --since=yesterday --until "2020-07-10 15:10:00" # show logs within specific time range
journalctl CONTAINER_NAME=service_web_1 # show error from docker container named 'service_web_1'
journalctl _PID=2434 -e # filter logs based on PID and jump to the end of the logs
journalctl -g 'timed out' # filter logs based on regular expression. if the pattern is all lowercase, matching is case insensitive
```

- g - go to the first line
- G - go to the last line
- / - search for the string

## Force overriding installation

```bash
pacman -S <pkg> --overwrite '*'
```

## Check memory modules

```bash
pacman -S lshw dmidecode

lshw -short -C memory # lists installed mems
dmidecode # shows configured clock speed
```

## File-system related issues checklist

```bash
smartctl -H /dev/sdd

# umount the drive before this ops
e2fsck -C 0 -p /dev/sdd1 # preen
e2fsck -C 0 -cc /dev/sdd1 # badblocks
```

# Common issues

## Longer SSH login (D-bus glitch)

```bash
systemctl restart systemd-logind
systemctl restart polkit
```

- [A comprehensive guide to fixing slow SSH logins – JRS Systems: the blog](https://jrs-s.net/2017/07/01/slow-ssh-logins/)

## Annoying `systemd-homed is not available` log messages

Move `pam_unix` before `pam_systemd_home`.

```ini /etc/pam.d/system-auth
#%PAM-1.0

auth       required                    pam_faillock.so      preauth
# Optionally use requisite above if you do not want to prompt for the password
# on locked accounts.
auth       [success=2 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so          try_first_pass nullok
-auth      [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_systemd_home.so
auth       [default=die]               pam_faillock.so      authfail
auth       optional                    pam_permit.so
auth       required                    pam_env.so
auth       required                    pam_faillock.so      authsucc
# If you drop the above call to pam_faillock.so the lock will be done also
# on non-consecutive authentication failures.

account    [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so
-account   required                    pam_systemd_home.so
account    optional                    pam_permit.so
account    required                    pam_time.so

password   [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so          try_first_pass nullok shadow
-password  required                    pam_systemd_home.so
password   optional                    pam_permit.so

session    required                    pam_limits.so
session    required                    pam_unix.so
session    optional                    pam_permit.so
```

- [[solved] pam fails to find unit dbus-org.freedesktop.home1.service / Newbie Corner / Arch Linux Forums](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=258297)

## Annoying systemd-journald-audit log

```ini /etc/systemd/journald.conf
Audit=no
```

## Missing `/dev/nvidia-{uvm*,modeset}`

This occurs after updating linux kernel.

- Run `docker run --rm --gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools -it nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi` once.

## `[sudo] Incorrect password` while password is correct

```bash
faillock --reset
```

# Useful links

- [General recommendations](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations#Users_and_groups)
- [System maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/System_maintenance)
- [Improving performance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance#Know_your_system)
- [General troubleshooting - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/General_troubleshooting)
- [Stress testing - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Stress_testing#Stressing_memory)
- [udev - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Udev#Debug_output)
- [[HOWTO] Repair Broken system, system without a kernel / Forum & Wiki discussion / Arch Linux Forums](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=18066)
- [Archboot - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Archboot)