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uechi.io/source/_posts/2021/installing-arch-linux.md
Yasuaki Uechi 4fc8f4c77b update article
2021-07-28 15:22:05 +09:00

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Installing Arch Linux 2021-02-12T00:00:00

This note includes all commands I typed when I set up Arch Linux on my new bare metal server.

Why I choose Arch Linux

  • Simple as it should be
  • Outstanding community efforts to maintaining package registry
  • Well organized wiki resources

Setup

wipe whole disk

wipefs -a /dev/sda

create partition

parted

select /dev/sda
mktable gpt
mkpart EFI fat32 0 512MB # EFI
mkpart Arch ext4 512MB 100% # Arch
set 1 esp on # flag partition 1 as ESP
quit

install file-system

mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1 # EFI
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 # Arch

e2fsck -cc -C 0 /dev/sda2 # fsck

mount disk

mkdir -p /mnt/boot
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot

install base & Linux kernel

# choose between 'linux' or 'linux-lts'
pacstrap /mnt base linux-lts linux-firmware
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt

pacman -S reflector
reflector --protocol https --latest 30 --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist --verbose # optimize mirror list

install essentials

pacman -S vim man-db man-pages git base-devel

reflector --protocol https --latest 30 --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist --verbose

locale

ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Tokyo /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc
vim /etc/locale.gen & locale-gen
echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf

add fstab entries

# backup
UUID=<UUID> /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 2

# archive (do not prevent boot even if fsck fails)
UUID=<UUID> /mnt/archive ext4 defaults,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=4 0 2

Find <UUID> from the output of lsblk -f.

findmnt --verify --verbose # verify fstab

bootloader

pacman -S \
  grub \
  efibootmgr \
  amd-ucode # AMD microcode
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB

vim /etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
# GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

network

hostnamectl set-hostname takos
hostnamectl set-chassis server

127.0.0.1 localhost
::1       localhost
127.0.0.1 takos

See https://systemd.network/systemd.network.html and https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-networkd.

[Match]
Name=enp5s0

[Network]
#DHCP=yes
Address=10.0.1.2/24
Gateway=10.0.1.1
DNS=10.0.1.100   # self-hosted DNS resolver
DNS=1.1.1.1      # Cloudflare for the fallback DNS server
MACVLAN=dns-shim # to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100 which is managed by Docker macvlan driver

# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[NetDev]
Name=dns-shim
Kind=macvlan

[MACVLAN]
Mode=bridge

# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
[Match]
Name=dns-shim

[Network]
IPForward=yes

[Address]
Address=10.0.1.103/32
Scope=link

[Route]
Destination=10.0.1.100/30

ip equivalent to the above settings:

ip link add dns-shim link enp5s0 type macvlan mode bridge # add macvlan shim
ip a add 10.0.1.103/32 dev dns-shim # assign host ip to shim defined in docker-compose.yml
ip link set dns-shim up # enable interface
ip route add 10.0.1.100/30 dev dns-shim # route macvlan subnet to shim interface

systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
networkctl status
ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf

# for self-hosted dns resolver
sed -r -i -e 's/#?DNSStubListener=yes/DNSStubListener=no/g' -e 's/#DNS=/DNS=10.0.1.100/g' /etc/systemd/resolved.conf

systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved
resolvectl status
resolvectl query ddg.gg
drill ddg.gg

If networkctl keep showing enp5s0 as degraded, then run ip addr add 10.0.1.2/24 dev enp5s0 to manually assign static IP address for the workaround.

finalize

exit # leave chroot
umount -R /mnt
reboot

NTP

timedatectl set-ntp true
timedatectl status

shell

pacman -S zsh
chsh -s /bin/zsh
git clone https://github.com/uetchy/dotfiles ~/.dotfiles
yay -S ruby pyenv exa antibody direnv fd ripgrep fzy peco ghq-bin hub neofetch tmux git-delta lazygit jq lostfiles ncdu htop rsync youtube-dl prettier tree age informant
usermod -aG informant <user>
cd ~/.dotfiles
./dot link zsh -f
reload

user

passwd # change root passwd

useradd -m -s /bin/zsh <user> # add local user
passwd <user> # change local user password

userdbctl # verify users
userdbctl group # verify groups

pacman -S sudo
echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow users in sudo group to run pacman without password (optional)
groupadd sudo
usermod -aG sudo <user> # add local user to sudo group
visudo -c

ssh

pacman -S openssh
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
systemctl enable --now sshd

on the host machine:

ssh-copy-id <user>@<ip>

AUR

git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
cd yay
makepkg -si

smartd

pacman -S smartmontools
systemctl enable --now smartd

smartctl -t short /dev/sda
smartctl -l selftest /dev/sda

nvidia

pacman -S nvidia-lts # 'nvidia' for 'linux' package
reboot
nvidia-smi # test runtime

docker

https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/arch-overview.html

pacman -S docker docker-compose
yay -S nvidia-container-runtime
systemctl enable --now docker

{
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "10m", // default: -1 (unlimited)
    "max-file": "3" // default: 1
  },
  "runtimes": {
    // for docker-compose
    "nvidia": {
      "path": "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime",
      "runtimeArgs": []
    }
  }
}

systemctl restart docker

usermod -aG docker <user>

# to create mandatory device files on /dev
docker run --gpus all nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi

GPU_OPTS=(--gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools)
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi
docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} tensorflow/tensorflow:1.14.0-gpu-py3 bash

docker create network webproxy

Use journald log driver in Docker Compose

services:
  web:
    logging:
      driver: "journald"
      options:
        tag: "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" # default: "{{.ID}}"

Additional setup

fail2ban

pacman -S fail2ban

[INCLUDES]
before = common.conf

[Definition]
failregex = .* client login failed: .+ client:\ <HOST>
ignoreregex =

[DEFAULT]
ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 10.0.1.0/24

[sshd]
enabled = true
port = 22,10122
bantime = 1h
mode = aggressive

# https://github.com/Mailu/Mailu/blob/master/docs/faq.rst#do-you-support-fail2ban
[mailu]
enabled = true
backend = systemd
journalmatch = CONTAINER_NAME=mail_front_1
filter = bad-auth
findtime = 1h
maxretry = 3
bantime = 1w
chain = DOCKER-USER
banaction = iptables-allports

- After=network.target iptables.service firewalld.service ip6tables.service ipset.service nftables.service
+ After=network.target iptables.service firewalld.service ip6tables.service ipset.service nftables.service docker.service

systemctl enable --now fail2ban
fail2ban-client status mailu

telegraf

yay -S telegraf

# Global tags can be specified here in key="value" format.
[global_tags]

# Configuration for telegraf agent
[agent]
interval = "10s"
round_interval = true
metric_batch_size = 1000
metric_buffer_limit = 10000
collection_jitter = "0s"
flush_interval = "10s"
flush_jitter = "0s"
precision = ""
hostname = ""
omit_hostname = false

# Read InfluxDB-formatted JSON metrics from one or more HTTP endpoints
[[outputs.influxdb]]
urls = ["http://127.0.0.1:8086"]
database = "<db>"
username = "<user>"
password = "<password>"

# Read metrics about cpu usage
[[inputs.cpu]]
percpu = true
totalcpu = true
collect_cpu_time = false
report_active = false

# Read metrics about disk usage by mount point
[[inputs.disk]]
ignore_fs = ["tmpfs", "devtmpfs", "devfs", "iso9660", "overlay", "aufs", "squashfs"]

# Read metrics about disk IO by device
[[inputs.diskio]]

# Get kernel statistics from /proc/stat
[[inputs.kernel]]

# Read metrics about memory usage
[[inputs.mem]]

# Get the number of processes and group them by status
[[inputs.processes]]

# Read metrics about system load & uptime
[[inputs.system]]

# Read metrics about network interface usage
[[inputs.net]]
interfaces = ["enp5s0"]

# Read metrics about docker containers
[[inputs.docker]]
endpoint = "unix:///var/run/docker.sock"
perdevice = false
total = true

[[inputs.fail2ban]]
interval = "15m"
use_sudo = true

# Pulls statistics from nvidia GPUs attached to the host
[[inputs.nvidia_smi]]
timeout = "30s"

[[inputs.http_response]]
interval = "5m"
urls = [
  "https://example.com"
]

# Monitor sensors, requires lm-sensors package
[[inputs.sensors]]
interval = "60s"
remove_numbers = false

Cmnd_Alias FAIL2BAN = /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status, /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status *
telegraf  ALL=(root) NOEXEC: NOPASSWD: FAIL2BAN
Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session

chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
usermod -aG docker telegraf
telegraf -config /etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf -test
systemctl enable --now telegraf

cfddns

Dynamic DNS for Cloudflare.

yay -S cfddns sendmail

token: <token>
notification:
  enabled: true
  from: cfddns@localhost
  to: me@example.com

example.com

systemctl enable --now cfddns

backup

pacman -S borg

[Unit]
Description=Borg Daily Backup Service

[Service]
Type=simple
Nice=19
IOSchedulingClass=2
IOSchedulingPriority=7
ExecStart=/etc/backups/run.sh

[Unit]
Description=Borg Daily Backup Timer

[Timer]
WakeSystem=false
OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00
RandomizedDelaySec=10min

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target

#!/bin/bash -ue

# The udev rule is not terribly accurate and may trigger our service before
# the kernel has finished probing partitions. Sleep for a bit to ensure
# the kernel is done.
sleep 5

#
# Script configuration
#
export BORG_PASSPHRASE="<secret>"
MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/backup
TARGET=$MOUNTPOINT/borg

# Archive name schema
DATE=$(date --iso-8601)

#
# Create backups
#

# Options for borg create
BORG_OPTS="--stats --compression lz4 --checkpoint-interval 86400"

# No one can answer if Borg asks these questions, it is better to just fail quickly instead of hanging.
export BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
export BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no

# Log Borg version
borg --version

echo "Starting backup for $DATE"

echo "# system"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
  --exclude /root/.cache \
  --exclude /root/.pyenv \
  --exclude /root/.vscode-server \
  --exclude /root/.local/share/TabNine \
  --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cache' \
  --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cargo' \
  --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.pyenv' \
  --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.vscode-server' \
  --exclude 'sh:/home/*/.local/share/TabNine' \
  --one-file-system \
  $TARGET::'system-{now}' \
  /etc /boot /home /root /srv

echo "# data"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
  --exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/preview' \
  --exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/dav-photocache' \
  $TARGET::'data-{now}' \
  /mnt/data

echo "# ftl"
borg create $BORG_OPTS \
  $TARGET::'ftl-{now}' \
  /mnt/ftl

echo "Start pruning"
BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL="--list --stats --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 3 --keep-monthly 3"
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix 'system-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix 'data-' $TARGET
borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix 'ftl-' $TARGET

echo "Completed backup for $DATE"

# Just to be completely paranoid
sync

ln -sf /etc/backups/borg.{service,timer} /etc/systemd/system/
systemctl enable --now borg

Kubernetes

pacman -S kubeadm kubelet kubectl
systemctl enable --now kubelet
kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr='10.244.0.0/16'
cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ~/.kube/config

kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master- # to allow allocating pods to the master node

# setup flannel network manager
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

# setup nginx ingress controller
# TODO

kubectl cluster-info
kubectl get nodes
kubectl get pods -A
kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml

wildcard certs

pacman -S certbot certbot-dns-cloudflare
echo "dns_cloudflare_api_token = <token>" > ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
chmod 600 ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
certbot certonly \
  --email y@uechi.io \
  --agree-tos \
  --dns-cloudflare \
  --dns-cloudflare-credentials ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini \
  -d "*.uechi.io"
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/uechi.io/fullchain.pem -text
certbot certificates

[Unit]
Description=Let's Encrypt renewal

[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet --agree-tos --deploy-hook "docker exec nginx-proxy-le /app/signal_le_service"

[Unit]
Description=Twice daily renewal of Let's Encrypt's certificates

[Timer]
OnCalendar=0/12:00:00
RandomizedDelaySec=1h
Persistent=true

[Install]
WantedBy=timers.target

audio

pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires reboot
usermod -aG audio <user>

# list devices as root
aplay -l
arecord -L
cat /proc/asound/cards

# test speaker
speaker-test -c2

# test mic
arecord -vv -Dhw:2,0 -fS32_LE mic.wav
aplay mic.wav

# gui mixer
alsamixer

# for Mycroft.ai
pacman -S pulseaudio pulsemixer
pulseaudio --start
pacmd list-cards

# INPUT/RECORD
load-module module-alsa-source device="default" tsched=1
# OUTPUT/PLAYBACK
load-module module-alsa-sink device="default" tsched=1
# Accept clients -- very important
load-module module-native-protocol-unix
load-module module-native-protocol-tcp

pcm.mic {
  type hw
  card M96k
  rate 44100
  format S32_LE
}

pcm.speaker {
  type plug
  slave {
    pcm "hw:1,0"
  }
}

pcm.!default {
  type asym
  capture.pcm "mic"
  playback.pcm "speaker"
}

#defaults.pcm.card 1
#defaults.ctl.card 1

firewall

pacman -S firewalld
# TODO

See Introduction to Netfilter – To Linux and beyond !.

Maintenance

quick checkups

htop # show task overview
systemctl --failed # show failed units
free -h # show memory usage
lsblk -f # show disk usage
networkctl status # show network status
userdbctl # show users
nvidia-smi # verify nvidia cards
ps aux | grep "defunct" # find zombie processes

analyze logs

journalctl -p err -b-1 -r # show error logs from previous boot in reverse order
journalctl -u sshd -f # tail logs from sshd unit
journalctl --no-pager -n 25 -k # show latest 25 logs from the kernel without pager
journalctl --since=yesterday --until "2020-07-10 15:10:00" # show logs within specific time range
journalctl CONTAINER_NAME=service_web_1 # show error from docker container named 'service_web_1'
journalctl _PID=2434 -e # filter logs based on PID and jump to the end of the logs
journalctl -g 'timed out' # filter logs based on regular expression. if the pattern is all lowercase, matching is case insensitive

g - go to the first line
G - go to the last line
/ - search for the string

force override installation

pacman -S <pkg> --overwrite '*'

fs issue checklist

smartctl -H /dev/sdd

# umount before this ops
e2fsck -C 0 -p /dev/sdd1 # preen
e2fsck -C 0 -cc /dev/sdd1 # badblocks

Common Issues

Longer SSH login (D-bus glitch)

systemctl restart systemd-logind
systemctl restart polkit

Annoying systemd-homed is not available log messages

Move pam_unix before pam_systemd_home.

#%PAM-1.0

auth       required                    pam_faillock.so      preauth
# Optionally use requisite above if you do not want to prompt for the password
# on locked accounts.
auth       [success=2 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so          try_first_pass nullok
-auth      [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_systemd_home.so
auth       [default=die]               pam_faillock.so      authfail
auth       optional                    pam_permit.so
auth       required                    pam_env.so
auth       required                    pam_faillock.so      authsucc
# If you drop the above call to pam_faillock.so the lock will be done also
# on non-consecutive authentication failures.

account    [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so
-account   required                    pam_systemd_home.so
account    optional                    pam_permit.so
account    required                    pam_time.so

password   [success=1 default=ignore]  pam_unix.so          try_first_pass nullok shadow
-password  required                    pam_systemd_home.so
password   optional                    pam_permit.so

session    required                    pam_limits.so
session    required                    pam_unix.so
session    optional                    pam_permit.so

Annoying systemd-journald-audit log

Audit=no

Missing /dev/nvidia-{uvm*,modeset}

This occurs after updating linux kernel.

  • Run docker --rm --gpus all -it nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi once.

Useful links