770 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
770 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Installing Arch Linux
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date: 2021-02-12T00:00:00
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---
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This note includes all commands I typed when I set up Arch Linux on my new bare metal server.
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# Why I choose Arch Linux
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- Simple as it should be
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- Outstanding community efforts to maintaining package registry
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- Well organized wiki resources
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# Setup
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## wipe whole disk
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```bash
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wipefs -a /dev/sda
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```
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## create partition
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```bash
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parted
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select /dev/sda
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mktable gpt
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mkpart EFI fat32 0 512MB # EFI
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mkpart Arch ext4 512MB 100% # Arch
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set 1 esp on # flag part1 as ESP
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quit
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```
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## install file-system
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```bash
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mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1 # EFI
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mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2 # Arch
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```
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## mount disk
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```bash
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mkdir -p /mnt/boot
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mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
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mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
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```
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## install base & Linux kernel
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```bash
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reflector -f 10 --latest 30 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist # optimize mirror list
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# choose between 'linux' or 'linux-lts'
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pacstrap /mnt base linux linux-firmware
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# base-devel need to be included as well?
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genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
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arch-chroot /mnt
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```
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```bash
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pacman -Syu # upgrade
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pacman -Qe # list explicitly installed pkgs
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pacman -Rs # remove pkg and its deps
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pacman -Qtd # list orphans
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pacman -S man-db man-pages git informant
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```
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## add fstab entries
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```ini /etc/fstab
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# backup
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UUID=<UUID> /mnt/backup ext4 defaults 0 2
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# archive (do not prevent boot even if fsck fails)
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UUID=<UUID> /mnt/archive ext4 defaults,nofail,x-systemd.device-timeout=4 0 2
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```
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Find `<UUID>` from the output of `lsblk -f`.
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```bash
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findmnt --verify --verbose # verify fstab
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```
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## bootloader
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```bash
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pacman -S \
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grub \
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efibootmgr \
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amd-ucode # AMD microcode
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grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB
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vim /etc/default/grub
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# GRUB_TIMEOUT=3
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# GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=y
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grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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- [GRUB/Tips and tricks - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/GRUB/Tips_and_tricks)
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## NTP
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```bash
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sed -i -e 's/#NTP=/NTP=0.arch.pool.ntp.org 1.arch.pool.ntp.org 2.arch.pool.ntp.org 3.arch.pool.ntp.org/' -e 's/#Fall/Fall/' /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
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systemctl enable --now systemd-timesyncd
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```
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## locale
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```bash
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ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Tokyo /etc/localtime
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hwclock --systohc
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vim /etc/locale.gen & locale-gen
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echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf
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```
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## network
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```bash
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hostnamectl set-hostname polka
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hostnamectl set-chassis server
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```
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```ini /etc/hosts
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127.0.0.1 localhost
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::1 localhost
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127.0.0.1 polka
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```
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See https://systemd.network/systemd.network.html.
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/wired.network
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[Match]
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Name=enp5s0
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[Network]
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#DHCP=yes
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Address=10.0.1.2/24
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Gateway=10.0.1.1
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DNS=10.0.1.100 # self-hosted DNS resolver
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DNS=1.1.1.1 # Cloudflare for the fallback DNS server
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MACVLAN=dns-shim # to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100 which is managed by Docker macvlan driver
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```
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.netdev
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# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
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[NetDev]
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Name=dns-shim
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Kind=macvlan
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[MACVLAN]
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Mode=bridge
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```
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```ini /etc/systemd/network/dns-shim.network
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# to handle local dns lookup to 10.0.1.100
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[Match]
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Name=dns-shim
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[Network]
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IPForward=yes
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[Address]
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Address=10.0.1.103/32
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Scope=link
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[Route]
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Destination=10.0.1.100/30
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```
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`ip` equivalent to the above settings:
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```bash
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ip link add dns-shim link enp5s0 type macvlan mode bridge # add macvlan shim
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ip a add 10.0.1.103/32 dev dns-shim # assign host ip to shim defined in docker-compose.yml
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ip link set dns-shim up # enable interface
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ip route add 10.0.1.100/30 dev dns-shim # route macvlan subnet to shim interface
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```
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```bash
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systemctl enable --now systemd-networkd
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networkctl status
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# for self-hosted dns resolver
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sed -r -i -e 's/#?DNSStubListener=yes/DNSStubListener=no/g' -e 's/#DNS=/DNS=10.0.1.100/g' /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
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ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
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systemctl enable --now systemd-resolved
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resolvectl status
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resolvectl query ddg.gg
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drill @10.0.1.100 ddg.gg
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# FIXME
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pacman -S wpa_supplicant
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vim /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
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# ctrl_interface=/run/wpa_supplicant
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# update_config=1
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wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp8s0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
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wpa_cli # default control socket -> /var/run/wpa_supplicant
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modinfo iwlwifi
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```
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If `networkctl` keep showing `enp5s0` as `degraded`, then run `ip addr add 10.0.1.2/24 dev enp5s0 ` to manually assign static IP address for the workaround.
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## firewall
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```bash
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pacman -S firewalld
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# TODO
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```
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See also [Introduction to Netfilter – To Linux and beyond !](https://home.regit.org/netfilter-en/netfilter/)
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## shell
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```bash
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pacman -S zsh
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chsh -s /bin/zsh
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```
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## user
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```bash
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passwd # change root passwd
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useradd -m -s /bin/zsh uetchy # add local user
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passwd uetchy # change local user password
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userdbctl # verify users
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pacman -S sudo
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echo "%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/pacman" > /etc/sudoers.d/pacman # allow users in sudo group to run pacman without password (optional)
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usermod -aG sudo uetchy # add local user to sudo group
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visudo -c
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```
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## ssh
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```bash
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pacman -S openssh
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vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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systemctl enable --now sshd
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```
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on the host machine:
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```bash
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ssh-copy-id uetchy@10.0.1.2
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```
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## AUR
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```bash
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git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git
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cd yay
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makepkg -si
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```
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## finalize
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```bash
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exit # leave chroot
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umount -R /mnt
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reboot
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```
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# Additional setup
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## nvidia
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```bash
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pacman -S nvidia # 'nvidia-lts' for linux-lts
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cat /var/lib/modprobe.d/nvidia.conf # ensure having 'blacklist nouveau'
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nvidia-smi # test runtime
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```
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## docker
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https://docs.nvidia.com/datacenter/cloud-native/container-toolkit/arch-overview.html
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```bash
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pacman -S docker docker-compose
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yay -S nvidia-container-runtime
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```
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```json /etc/docker/daemon.json
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{
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"log-driver": "json-file",
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"log-opts": {
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"max-size": "10m", // default: -1 (unlimited)
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"max-file": "3" // default: 1
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},
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"exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], // for kubernetes
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"runtimes": {
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// for docker-compose
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"nvidia": {
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"path": "/usr/bin/nvidia-container-runtime",
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"runtimeArgs": []
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}
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}
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}
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```
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```bash
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systemctl enable --now docker
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groupadd docker
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usermod -aG docker user
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GPU_OPTS=(--gpus all --device /dev/nvidia0 --device /dev/nvidiactl --device /dev/nvidia-modeset --device /dev/nvidia-uvm --device /dev/nvidia-uvm-tools)
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docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} nvidia/cuda:10.2-cudnn7-runtime nvidia-smi
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docker run --rm -it ${GPU_OPTS} tensorflow/tensorflow:1.14.0-gpu-py3 bash
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```
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### Use `journald` log driver in Docker Compose
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```yaml
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services:
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web:
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logging:
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driver: "journald"
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options:
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tag: "{{.ImageName}}/{{.Name}}/{{.ID}}" # default: "{{.ID}}"
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```
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- [Configure logging drivers | Docker Documentation](https://docs.docker.com/config/containers/logging/configure/)
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## Telegraf
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```bash
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yay -S telegraf
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vim /etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf
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```
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```ini /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
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Cmnd_Alias FAIL2BAN = /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status, /usr/bin/fail2ban-client status *
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telegraf ALL=(root) NOEXEC: NOPASSWD: FAIL2BAN
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Defaults!FAIL2BAN !logfile, !syslog, !pam_session
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```
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```bash
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chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/telegraf
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```
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## fail2ban
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```
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pacman -S fail2ban
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systemctl enable --now fail2ban
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```
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```ini /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
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[DEFAULT]
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bantime = 60m
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ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 10.0.1.0/24
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[sshd]
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enabled = true
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port = 22,10122
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[mailu]
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enabled = true
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backend = systemd
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journalmatch = CONTAINER_NAME=mailu_front_1
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port = smtp,submission
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chain = DOCKER-USER
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filter = mailu
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findtime = 600
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maxretry = 1
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bantime = 1d
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```
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```ini /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/mailu.conf
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[INCLUDES]
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before = common.conf
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[Definition]
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failregex = ^%(__prefix_line)s\d+\/\d+\/\d+ \d+:\d+:\d+ \[info\] \d+#\d+: \*\d+ client login failed: "Authentication credentials invalid" while in http auth state, client: <HOST>, server: \S+, login: "<F-USER>\S+</F-USER>"$
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ignoreregex =
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```
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```
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fail2ban-client reload
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fail2ban-client status mailu
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```
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## sendmail
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```bash
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yay -S sendmail
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```
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## cfddns
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Dynamic DNS for Cloudflare.
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```
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yay -S cfddns
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```
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```yml /etc/cfddns/cfddns.yml
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token: <token>
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```
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```ini /etc/cfddns/domains
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uechi.io
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datastore.uechi.io
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```
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```
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systemctl enable --now cfddns
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```
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## smart
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```bash
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pacman -S smartmontools
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systemctl enable --now smartd
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smartctl -t short /dev/sdc
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smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdc
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```
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## backup
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```bash
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pacman -S borg
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```
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```ini /etc/backups/borg.service
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[Unit]
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Description=Borg Daily Backup Service
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[Service]
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Type=simple
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Nice=19
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IOSchedulingClass=2
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IOSchedulingPriority=7
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ExecStart=/etc/backups/run.sh
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```
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```ini /etc/backups/borg.timer
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[Unit]
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Description=Borg Daily Backup Timer
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[Timer]
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WakeSystem=false
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OnCalendar=*-*-* 03:00
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RandomizedDelaySec=10min
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[Install]
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WantedBy=timers.target
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```
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```bash /etc/backups/run.sh
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#!/bin/bash -ue
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# The udev rule is not terribly accurate and may trigger our service before
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# the kernel has finished probing partitions. Sleep for a bit to ensure
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# the kernel is done.
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#
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# This can be avoided by using a more precise udev rule, e.g. matching
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# a specific hardware path and partition.
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sleep 5
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#
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# Script configuration
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#
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export BORG_PASSPHRASE="<secret>"
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MOUNTPOINT=/mnt/backup
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TARGET=$MOUNTPOINT/borg
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# Archive name schema
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DATE=$(date --iso-8601)
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#
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# Create backups
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#
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# Options for borg create
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BORG_OPTS="--stats --compression lz4 --checkpoint-interval 86400"
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# No one can answer if Borg asks these questions, it is better to just fail quickly
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# instead of hanging.
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export BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
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export BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK=no
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# Log Borg version
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borg --version
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echo "Starting backup for $DATE"
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echo "# system"
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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--exclude /var/cache \
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--exclude /var/lib/docker/devicemapper \
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--exclude /root/.cache \
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--exclude /root/.pyenv \
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--exclude /root/.vscode-server \
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--exclude /root/.local/share/TabNine \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cache' \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.cargo' \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.pyenv' \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.vscode-server' \
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--exclude 'sh:/home/*/.local/share/TabNine' \
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--one-file-system \
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$TARGET::'{hostname}-system-{now}' \
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/ /boot
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echo "# data"
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/preview' \
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--exclude 'sh:/mnt/data/nextcloud/appdata_*/dav-photocache' \
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$TARGET::'{hostname}-data-{now}' \
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/mnt/data
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echo "# archive"
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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$TARGET::'{hostname}-archive-{now}' \
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/mnt/archive
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echo "# ftl"
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borg create $BORG_OPTS \
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$TARGET::'{hostname}-ftl-{now}' \
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/mnt/ftl
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echo "Start pruning"
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BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL="--list --stats --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 3 --keep-monthly 2"
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BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS="--list --stats --keep-daily 3 --keep-weekly 1 --keep-monthly 1"
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borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-system-' $TARGET
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borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_NORMAL --prefix '{hostname}-archive-' $TARGET
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borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-data-' $TARGET
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borg prune $BORG_PRUNE_OPTS_LESS --prefix '{hostname}-ftl-' $TARGET
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echo "Completed backup for $DATE"
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# Just to be completely paranoid
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sync
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```
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```bash
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ln -sf /etc/backups/borg.* /etc/systemd/system/
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systemctl enable --now borg
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```
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## Kubernetes
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```bash
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pacman -S kubeadm kubelet kubectl
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systemctl enable --now kubelet
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kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr='10.244.0.0/16'
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cp /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf ~/.kube/config
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kubectl taint nodes --all node-role.kubernetes.io/master- # to allow allocating pods to the master node
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# setup flannel network manager
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kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
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# setup nginx ingress controller
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# TODO
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kubectl cluster-info
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kubectl get nodes
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kubectl get pods -A
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kubectl get cm -n kube-system kubeadm-config -o yaml
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```
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|
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- [Kubernetes - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kubernetes)
|
|
- [Kubernetes Ingress Controller with NGINX Reverse Proxy and Wildcard SSL from Let's Encrypt - Shogan.tech](https://www.shogan.co.uk/kubernetes/kubernetes-ingress-controller-with-nginx-reverse-proxy-and-wildcard-ssl-from-lets-encrypt/)
|
|
|
|
## certs
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
pacman -S certbot certbot-dns-cloudflare
|
|
echo "dns_cloudflare_api_token = <token>" > ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
|
|
chmod 600 ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini
|
|
certbot certonly \
|
|
--email y@uechi.io \
|
|
--agree-tos \
|
|
--dns-cloudflare \
|
|
--dns-cloudflare-credentials ~/.secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini \
|
|
-d "*.uechi.io"
|
|
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/uechi.io/fullchain.pem -text
|
|
certbot certificates
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```ini /etc/systemd/system/certbot.service
|
|
[Unit]
|
|
Description=Let's Encrypt renewal
|
|
|
|
[Service]
|
|
Type=oneshot
|
|
ExecStart=/usr/bin/certbot renew --quiet --agree-tos --deploy-hook "docker exec nginx-proxy-le /app/signal_le_service"
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```ini /etc/systemd/system/certbot.timer
|
|
[Unit]
|
|
Description=Twice daily renewal of Let's Encrypt's certificates
|
|
|
|
[Timer]
|
|
OnCalendar=0/12:00:00
|
|
RandomizedDelaySec=1h
|
|
Persistent=true
|
|
|
|
[Install]
|
|
WantedBy=timers.target
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
- [Certbot - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Certbot)
|
|
- [Welcome to certbot-dns-cloudflare’s documentation! — certbot-dns-cloudflare 0 documentation](https://certbot-dns-cloudflare.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)
|
|
- [docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion/Standalone-certificates.md at master · nginx-proxy/docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion](https://github.com/nginx-proxy/docker-letsencrypt-nginx-proxy-companion/blob/master/docs/Standalone-certificates.md)
|
|
|
|
## audio
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
pacman -S alsa-utils # maybe requires reboot
|
|
usermod -aG audio uetchy
|
|
|
|
# list devices as root
|
|
aplay -l
|
|
arecord -L
|
|
cat /proc/asound/cards
|
|
|
|
# test speaker
|
|
speaker-test -c2
|
|
|
|
# test mic
|
|
arecord -vv -Dhw:2,0 -fS32_LE mic.wav
|
|
aplay mic.wav
|
|
|
|
# gui mixer
|
|
alsamixer
|
|
|
|
# for Mycroft.ai
|
|
pacman -S pulseaudio pulsemixer
|
|
pulseaudio --start
|
|
pacmd list-cards
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```conf /etc/pulse/default.pa
|
|
# INPUT/RECORD
|
|
load-module module-alsa-source device="default" tsched=1
|
|
# OUTPUT/PLAYBACK
|
|
load-module module-alsa-sink device="default" tsched=1
|
|
# Accept clients -- very important
|
|
load-module module-native-protocol-unix
|
|
load-module module-native-protocol-tcp
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
```conf /etc/asound.conf
|
|
pcm.mic {
|
|
type hw
|
|
card M96k
|
|
rate 44100
|
|
format S32_LE
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
pcm.speaker {
|
|
type plug
|
|
slave {
|
|
pcm "hw:1,0"
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
pcm.!default {
|
|
type asym
|
|
capture.pcm "mic"
|
|
playback.pcm "speaker"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
#defaults.pcm.card 1
|
|
#defaults.ctl.card 1
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
- [PulseAudio as a minimal unintrusive dumb pipe to ALSA](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/PulseAudio/Examples#PulseAudio_as_a_minimal_unintrusive_dumb_pipe_to_ALSA)
|
|
- [SoundcardTesting - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/SoundcardTesting)
|
|
- [Advanced Linux Sound Architecture/Troubleshooting - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture/Troubleshooting#Microphone)
|
|
- [ALSA project - the C library reference: PCM (digital audio) plugins](https://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/alsa-lib/pcm_plugins.html)
|
|
- [Asoundrc - AlsaProject](https://www.alsa-project.org/wiki/Asoundrc)
|
|
|
|
# Maintenance
|
|
|
|
## system healthcheck
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
systemctl --failed # show failed units
|
|
free -h # show memory usage
|
|
lsblk -f # show disk usage
|
|
networkctl status # show network status
|
|
userdbctl # show users
|
|
nvidia-smi # verify nvidia cards
|
|
htop # show task overview
|
|
neofetch # show system info
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## analyzing logs
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
journalctl -p err -b-1 -r # show error logs from previous boot in reverse order
|
|
journalctl CONTAINER_NAME=service_web_1 # show error from docker container named 'service_web_1'
|
|
journalctl -u docker -f # tail docker logs
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
# Common Issues
|
|
|
|
## Longer SSH login (D-bus glitch)
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
systemctl restart systemd-logind
|
|
systemctl restart polkit
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
- [A comprehensive guide to fixing slow SSH logins – JRS Systems: the blog](https://jrs-s.net/2017/07/01/slow-ssh-logins/)
|
|
|
|
## Annoying `systemd-homed is not available` log messages
|
|
|
|
Move `pam_unix` before `pam_systemd_home`.
|
|
|
|
```ini /etc/pam.d/system-auth
|
|
#%PAM-1.0
|
|
|
|
auth required pam_faillock.so preauth
|
|
# Optionally use requisite above if you do not want to prompt for the password
|
|
# on locked accounts.
|
|
auth [success=2 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok
|
|
-auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_systemd_home.so
|
|
auth [default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail
|
|
auth optional pam_permit.so
|
|
auth required pam_env.so
|
|
auth required pam_faillock.so authsucc
|
|
# If you drop the above call to pam_faillock.so the lock will be done also
|
|
# on non-consecutive authentication failures.
|
|
|
|
account [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so
|
|
-account required pam_systemd_home.so
|
|
account optional pam_permit.so
|
|
account required pam_time.so
|
|
|
|
password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass nullok shadow
|
|
-password required pam_systemd_home.so
|
|
password optional pam_permit.so
|
|
|
|
session required pam_limits.so
|
|
session required pam_unix.so
|
|
session optional pam_permit.so
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
- [[solved] pam fails to find unit dbus-org.freedesktop.home1.service / Newbie Corner / Arch Linux Forums](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=258297)
|
|
|
|
## Annoying systemd-journald-audit log
|
|
|
|
```ini /etc/systemd/journald.conf
|
|
Audit=no
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Missing `/dev/nvidia-{uvm*,modeset}`
|
|
|
|
This occurs after updating linux kernel. Simply reinstall `nvidia-container-toolkit`.
|
|
|
|
# Useful links
|
|
|
|
- [General recommendations](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/General_recommendations#Users_and_groups)
|
|
- [System maintenance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/System_maintenance)
|
|
- [Improving performance](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Improving_performance#Know_your_system)
|
|
- [Benchmarking - ArchWiki](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Benchmarking)
|